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NIK ZAFRI BIN ABDUL MAJID,
CONSULTANT/TRAINER
Email: nikzafri@yahoo.com, nikzafri@gmail.com
https://nikzafri.wixsite.com/nikzafri

Kelantanese, Alumni of Sultan Ismail College Kelantan (SICA), IT Competency Cert, Certified Written English Professional US. Has participated in many seminars/conferences (local/ international) in the capacity of trainer/lecturer and participant.

Affiliations :- Network Member of Gerson Lehrman Group, Institute of Quality Malaysia, Auditor ISO 9000 IRCAUK, Auditor OHSMS (SIRIM and STS) /EMS ISO 14000 and Construction Quality Assessment System CONQUAS, CIDB (Now BCA) Singapore),

* Possesses almost 30 years of experience/hands-on in the multi-modern management & technical disciplines (systems & methodologies) such as Knowledge Management (Hi-Impact Management/ICT Solutions), Quality (TQM/ISO), Safety Health Environment, Civil & Building (Construction), Manufacturing, Motivation & Team Building, HR, Marketing/Branding, Business Process Reengineering, Economy/Stock Market, Contracts/Project Management, Finance & Banking, etc. He was employed to international bluechips involving in national/international megaprojects such as Balfour Beatty Construction/Knight Piesold & Partners UK, MMI Insurance Group Australia, Hazama Corporation (Hazamagumi) Japan (with Mitsubishi Corporation, JA Jones US, MMCE and Ho-Hup) and Sunway Construction Berhad (The Sunway Group of Companies). Among major projects undertaken : Pergau Hydro Electric Project, KLCC Petronas Twin Towers, LRT Tunnelling, KLIA, Petronas Refineries Melaka, Putrajaya Government Complex, Sistem Lingkaran Lebuhraya Kajang (SILK), Mex Highway, KLIA1, KLIA2 etc. Once serviced SMPD Management Consultants as Associate Consultant cum Lecturer for Diploma in Management, Institute of Supervisory Management UK/SMPD JV. Currently – Associate/Visiting Consultants/Facilitators, Advisors for leading consulting firms (local and international) including project management. To name a few – Noma SWO Consult, Amiosh Resources, Timur West Consultant Sdn. Bhd., TIJ Consultants Group (Malaysia and Singapore) and many others.

* Ex-Resident Weekly Columnist of Utusan Malaysia (1995-1998) and have produced more than 100 articles related to ISO-9000– Management System and Documentation Models, TQM Strategic Management, Occupational Safety and Health (now OHSAS 18000) and Environmental Management Systems ISO 14000. His write-ups/experience has assisted many students/researchers alike in module developments based on competency or academics and completion of many theses. Once commended by the then Chief Secretary to the Government of Malaysia for his diligence in promoting and training the civil services (government sector) based on “Total Quality Management and Quality Management System ISO-9000 in Malaysian Civil Service – Paradigm Shift Scalar for Assessment System”

Among Nik Zafri’s clients : Adabi Consumer Industries Sdn. Bhd, (MRP II, Accounts/Credit Control) The HQ of Royal Customs and Excise Malaysia (ISO 9000), Veterinary Services Dept. Negeri Sembilan (ISO 9000), The Institution of Engineers Malaysia (Aspects of Project Management – KLCC construction), Corporate HQ of RHB (Peter Drucker's MBO/KRA), NEC Semiconductor - Klang Selangor (Productivity Management), Prime Minister’s Department Malaysia (ISO 9000), State Secretarial Office Negeri Sembilan (ISO 9000), Hidrological Department KL (ISO 9000), Asahi Kluang Johor(System Audit, Management/Supervisory Development), Tunku Mahmood (2) Primary School Kluang Johor (ISO 9000), Consortium PANZANA (HSSE 3rd Party Audit), Lecturer for Information Technology Training Centre (ITTC) – Authorised Training Center (ATC) – University of Technology Malaysia (UTM) Kluang Branch Johor, Kluang General Hospital Johor (Management/Supervision Development, Office Technology/Administration, ISO 9000 & Construction Management), Kahang Timur Secondary School Johor (ISO 9000), Sultan Abdul Jalil Secondary School Kluang Johor (Islamic Motivation and Team Building), Guocera Tiles Industries Kluang Johor (EMS ISO 14000), MNE Construction (M) Sdn. Bhd. Kota Tinggi Johor (ISO 9000 – Construction), UITM Shah Alam Selangor (Knowledge Management/Knowledge Based Economy /TQM), Telesystem Electronics/Digico Cable(ODM/OEM for Astro – ISO 9000), Sungai Long Industries Sdn. Bhd. (Bina Puri Group) - ISO 9000 Construction), Secura Security Printing Sdn. Bhd,(ISO 9000 – Security Printing) ROTOL AMS Bumi Sdn. Bhd & ROTOL Architectural Services Sdn. Bhd. (ROTOL Group) – ISO 9000 –Architecture, Bond M & E (KL) Sdn. Bhd. (ISO 9000 – Construction/M & E), Skyline Telco (M) Sdn. Bhd. (Knowledge Management),Technochase Sdn. Bhd JB (ISO 9000 – Construction), Institut Kefahaman Islam Malaysia (IKIM – ISO 9000 & Internal Audit Refresher), Shinryo/Steamline Consortium (Petronas/OGP Power Co-Generation Plant Melaka – Construction Management and Safety, Health, Environment), Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (Negotiation Skills), Association for Retired Intelligence Operatives of Malaysia (Cyber Security – Arpa/NSFUsenet, Cobit, Till, ISO/IEC ISMS 27000 for Law/Enforcement/Military), T.Yamaichi Corp. (M) Sdn. Bhd. (EMS ISO 14000) LSB Manufacturing Solutions Sdn. Bhd., (Lean Scoreboard (including a full development of System-Software-Application - MSC Malaysia & Six Sigma) PJZ Marine Services Sdn. Bhd., (Safety Management Systems and Internal Audit based on International Marine Organization Standards) UNITAR/UNTEC (Degree in Accountacy – Career Path/Roadmap) Cobrain Holdings Sdn. Bhd.(Managing Construction Safety & Health), Speaker for International Finance & Management Strategy (Closed Conference), Pembinaan Jaya Zira Sdn. Bhd. (ISO 9001:2008-Internal Audit for Construction Industry & Overview of version 2015), Straits Consulting Engineers Sdn. Bhd. (Full Integrated Management System – ISO 9000, OHSAS 18000 (ISO 45000) and EMS ISO 14000 for Civil/Structural/Geotechnical Consulting), Malaysia Management & Science University (MSU – (Managing Business in an Organization), Innoseven Sdn. Bhd. (KVMRT Line 1 MSPR8 – Awareness and Internal Audit (Construction), ISO 9001:2008 and 2015 overview for the Construction Industry), Kemakmuran Sdn. Bhd. (KVMRT Line 1 - Signages/Wayfinding - Project Quality Plan and Construction Method Statement ), Lembaga Tabung Haji - Flood ERP, WNA Consultants - DID/JPS -Flood Risk Assessment and Management Plan - Prelim, Conceptual Design, Interim and Final Report etc., Tunnel Fire Safety - Fire Risk Assessment Report - Design Fire Scenario), Safety, Health and Environmental Management Plans leading construction/property companies/corporations in Malaysia, Timur West Consultant : Business Methodology and System, Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) ISO/IEC 27001:2013 for Majlis Bandaraya Petaling Jaya ISMS/Audit/Risk/ITP Technical Team, MPDT Capital Berhad - ISO 9001: 2015 - Consultancy, Construction, Project Rehabilitation, Desalination (first one in Malaysia to receive certification on trades such as Reverse Osmosis Seawater Desalination and Project Recovery/Rehabilitation)

* Has appeared for 10 consecutive series in “Good Morning Malaysia RTM TV1’ Corporate Talk Segment discussing on ISO 9000/14000 in various industries. For ICT, his inputs garnered from his expertise have successfully led to development of work-process e-enabling systems in the environments of intranet, portal and interactive web design especially for the construction and manufacturing. Some of the end products have won various competitions of innovativeness, quality, continual-improvements and construction industry award at national level. He has also in advisory capacity – involved in development and moderation of websites, portals and e-profiles for mainly corporate and private sectors, public figures etc. He is also one of the recipients for MOSTE Innovation for RFID use in Electronic Toll Collection in Malaysia.

Note :


TO SEE ALL ARTICLES

ON THE"LABEL" SECTION BELOW (RIGHT SIDE COLUMN), YOU CAN CLICK ON ANY TAG - TO READ ALL ARTICLES ACCORDING TO ITS CATEGORY (E.G. LABEL : CONSTRUCTION) OR GO TO THE VERY END OF THIS BLOG AND CLICK "Older Posts"


 

Showing posts with label MONEY LAUNDERING. Show all posts
Showing posts with label MONEY LAUNDERING. Show all posts

Friday, August 16, 2024

A BRIEF ON HOW TO DETECT FRAUD IN BANKING AND FINANCIAL SECTORS - Nik Zafri



Please also read my other articles about money laundering and anti-corruption.

Detecting fraud is usually linked money laundering, and corruption in the banking and financial sectors is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the financial system. there are strategies and technologies need to be taken into account.

1. Fraud Detection

a. Transaction Monitoring Systems (TMS)

These systems analyze transaction patterns in real-time or near real-time to detect suspicious activities. They use predefined rules, statistical models, and machine learning algorithms to flag anomalies. This will enable banks to proactively detect and investigate suspicious activities, helping to prevent them from escalating into more significant financial crimes. By identifying and halting illegal transactions early, banks can avoid potential losses and reduce the risk of regulatory scrutiny.

b. Anomaly Detection (AI)

Machine learning techniques (AI), such as supervised and unsupervised learning, are employed to detect deviations from typical behavior. These methods can identify unusual patterns that may indicate fraud. Machine learning models has proven effective in detecting anomalies by identifying unusual patterns in vast datasets. These AI models continuously learn from transaction data, adapting to emerging fraudulent schemes in real-time.

c. Behavioural Analytics

Sometimes, a user behaviour can also indicate fraudulent activity. These include frequent login times, transaction types, and sometimes at different locations and mixture of transactions (frequent use of cash deposit machine with significantly large amounts at different locations and online transfers/interbank transfer) 

d. Multi-factor Authentication (MFA)

Implementing MFA helps in preventing unauthorized access to banking systems, which is a common precursor to fraud. It can pose problems to the customers with too many authentications and verifications but it will protect both customers and bank from fraud and scamming. MFA adds an extra layer of security beyond just a password. Customers must provide two or more verification factors—such as something they know (a password), something they have (a smartphone or security token), or something they are (a fingerprint or facial recognition). This makes it much more difficult for unauthorized users to gain access, as even if they manage to obtain one factor, they would still need the additional factor(s) to successfully log in.

2. Money Laundering Detection (Anti-Money Laundering or AML)

a. Know Your Customer (KYC) and Customer Due Diligence (CDD)

KYC involves verifying the identity of customers, while CDD involves ongoing monitoring of their transactions to help identify potentially suspicious behavior linked to money laundering.

b. Suspicious Activity Reporting (SAR)

Banks are required to file SARs for any transactions that they suspect may involve money laundering. These reports are then reviewed by financial regulatory authorities such as Bank Negara.

c. Risk-Based Approach

Financial institutions categorize customers and transactions based on their risk level. Higher-risk transactions are monitored more closely to detect potential money laundering.

d. Transaction Structuring Detection

Money launderers often structure transactions in small amounts to avoid detection. Advanced algorithms can detect patterns of structuring across multiple accounts or over time.

e. Beneficial Ownership Identification

It's essential to determine the true owners behind complex corporate structures, as money launderers often hide behind layers of corporate entities.

3. Corruption Detection

a. Conflict of Interest Checks

Regular audits and checks can help identify situations where employees or executives of the bank might have conflicts of interest, potentially leading to corrupt activities via specific client favoritisms.

b. Vendor and Third-Party Risk Management

Financial institutions should monitor and evaluate the integrity of vendors and third-party relationships to detect corrupt practices, such as bribery or kickbacks.

c. Whistleblower Programs

Encouraging employees to report corrupt activities internally through protected channels can lead to the early detection of corruption.

d. Internal Audits and Controls

Regular internal audits can identify weaknesses in financial controls that could be exploited for corrupt purposes.

4. Technology and Data Analytics

a. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning:

AI and ML are increasingly used to detect complex fraud, money laundering, and corruption schemes. These technologies can analyze large datasets and identify patterns that humans might miss.

b. Blockchain Technology

Blockchain’s transparency and immutability make it a powerful tool in preventing fraud and money laundering, especially in tracking the provenance of funds.

c. Big Data Analytics

Analyzing vast amounts of structured and unstructured data helps in identifying suspicious activities across different systems and jurisdictions.

d. Network Analysis

Analyzing relationships between different entities (e.g., customers, accounts, transactions) can reveal hidden connections that may indicate fraudulent or corrupt activity.

5. Regulatory Compliance and Reporting

a. Regulatory Technology 

Regulatory Technology help financial institutions comply with regulatory requirements by automating the monitoring, reporting, and auditing processes.

b. Continuous Training and Awareness

Financial institutions must regularly train their employees on the latest fraud, AML, and anti-corruption techniques and regulations to ensure vigilance and compliance.

c. Collaboration with Law Enforcement

Financial institutions often work closely with law enforcement agencies such as Bank Negara Malaysia, Security Commission, the Police (PDRM), Company Commission etc. to share information and intelligence, helping to detect and prevent illicit activities.

6. Challenges and Emerging Threats

a. Cyber Fraud

As banking becomes increasingly digital, cyber fraud (e.g., phishing, hacking) poses a significant threat. Institutions must continuously update their cybersecurity measures.

b. Cross-Border Transactions

Detecting fraud and money laundering in cross-border transactions is challenging due to differing regulations and the complexity of tracking funds across multiple jurisdictions.

c. Cryptocurrency Risks

The rise of cryptocurrencies presents new challenges for detecting money laundering, as these digital assets offer a degree of anonymity and are harder to trace.

Conclusion

Detecting fraud, money laundering, and corruption requires a multi-faceted approach that combines advanced technology, strict regulatory compliance, and robust internal controls. As threats evolve, financial institutions must stay ahead by adopting innovative detection methods and continuously improving their risk management strategies.

Friday, June 07, 2024

INSURANCE REPORTING PROCEDURE? (Malaysia)

Disclaimer : This brief article represents solely my personal research findings. I do not act as a representative of any mentioned party. The views expressed are strictly my own and do not represent those of the parties referenced herein. Additionally, I may not be updated with the latest insurance reporting procedures. Your input to rectify any inaccuracies in my research is greatly appreciated.

The Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Terrorism and Proceeds of Unlawful Activities Act 2001 (“the Act”) came into force on 15.1.2001 is aimed at thwarting money laundering, terrorism financing, and the utilization of illicit funds. Reporting entities are mandated to disclose any dubious circumstances, as outlined in the Act, along with sector-specific directives or rules set forth by the Bank Negara Malaysia.


I am more interested to touch on Insurance Sector and how reporting is done.

Insurance fraud entails engaging in deceptive actions to achieve illegitimate gains within an insurance procedure. It happens when either the insurer or the claimant seeks to acquire benefits they are not rightfully entitled to, or when an insurer deliberately withholds benefits rightfully owed. 

Fraud like these adversely affects policyholders, resulting in millions of ringgits lost through elevated premiums and inflated prices for goods and services. Pinpointing the precise cost of insurance fraud proves challenging as a significant portion of instances remain undisclosed.

Examples of insurance fraud that may involve the claimant and/or be known to insurer officials include:

a. Fabricating Claims - Orchestrating staged accidents, such as fake "oil spillage" incidents or chain collisions, to gain possession of the vehicle(s) for repairs.

b. Exaggerating Loss Amounts - Submitting inflated claims where the severity of damage or injuries sustained in a legitimate accident is overstated.

c. Providing False Information for Compensation - Presenting inflated or "padded" claims where the extent of damage or injuries sustained in a genuine accident is misrepresented.

Quoting 14A. (1) of Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Terrorism, Financing and Proceeds of Unlawful Activities Act (AMLATFPUA) 2001 :

Any person who knows or has reason to suspect that a reporting institution is proposing to report, is reporting or has lodged a report under section 14 or is proposing to provide, is providing or has provided any other related information to the competent authority and discloses such knowledge, suspicion or information to any other person commits an offence and shall on conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding three million ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years or to both.

In this context :

•            Any person        : claimant/insurer officials,

•            Reporting Institution: Insurance Company,

•            Competent Authority: Persatuan Insurans Am Malaysia (PIAM)

The competent authority duly authorized by BNM for reporting fraud is Persatuan Insurans Am Malaysia (PIAM).

However, I noticed some limitations:

Possible ambiguity regarding whether compliance officials (or a member of general public) can utilize the same form (FRCF) to report against another officials - if so, will it reach BNM or any other authority (will such insurance compliance official be protected under the Witness Protection Act 2009 (Act 696),

The general reporting period allocated is six (6) months but clarity is potentially lacking on other types of cases,

Unresolved issues can be reported to either the Ombudsman for Financial Services (OFS) or BNM. 

Nevertheless, there appear to be limitations on BNM side in handling complaints of misconduct, which may not be consistent with Section 14 (A) of AMLATFPUA.


The reporting procedure by other institutions such as Banking and Financial Institutions are generally clear, but there appear to be "some exceptions" regarding reporting insurance incidents, which I consider vague, especially concerning officials reporting misconduct against another official.

If these are valid concerns - there's a need for improvement to ensure that there are no restrictions on disclosing reports directly to Bank Negara Malaysia, aside from PIAM or OFS.

Sunday, December 03, 2023

SOME OF THE SHADY TACTICS OF MONEY LAUNDERING - NIK ZAFRI

1) Professional services firms for example accounting, legal and even consultancy firms may unwittingly or knowingly become entangled in money laundering schemes.

Criminals might exploit them by using complex transactions- creating intricate financial transactions or structures, using services to obfuscate the origin of funds or make illicit gains appear legitimate. On the other hand, some professionals might be complicit in facilitating money laundering by either turning a blind eye to suspicious activities or actively aiding in the creation of complex financial setups that conceal the illegal source of funds.

Oversight and due diligence by these firms may also result in inadvertently processing transactions that involve illicit funds without recognizing the red flags.

A conflict of professional secrecy vs a crime will always be an issue. Professionals might be exploited by criminals to shield their activities from scrutiny, using these professionals to shield their transactions or communication from legal investigations.

I hope regulatory bodies should monitor some of these firms and ensure they too implement anti-money laundering measures and know-your-customer protocols. I know many professional firms are dedicated to comply with anti-money laundering and anti-corruption laws but the authorities should find more effective ways to prevent such misuse.

The reality now is that, I notice gaps in compliance or deliberate evasion may enable criminals to exploit and manipulate these services for money laundering purposes.

2)  The process of money laundering in the realm of cryptocurrency involves criminals using diverse methods and services to route funds through numerous addresses or enterprises, obscuring their initial source. Following this, these funds are moved from a seemingly lawful origin to a specific address or platform for conversion into cash.
This approach involves employing cryptocurrency tumblers and mixing services. These services fragment unlawful funds into smaller sums, dispersing them among various addresses before reuniting them, effectively disconnecting the connection between the initial fund source and where it eventually ends up.

Saturday, September 02, 2023

ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING, ANTI TERRORISM AND PROCEEDS OF UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES ACT 2001 - MY THOUGHT FOR THE DAY

The Malaysian Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Terrorism and Proceeds of Unlawful Activities Act 2001 is clear in terms of enforcement, reporting institutions and entities, detecting of red flags, sanctions, seizures, etc.

However, there is a possibility of overlapping of duties between several agencies, leaving the general public unclear about "who can do what." This includes Bank Negara Malaysia, Security Commission, Company Commission of Malaysia, Malaysian Anti-Corruption Agency, Royal Military Police, and Special Forces. It's important to sort out these duties to ensure transparency and clarity in the system.

Other potential shortcomings include different reporting periods, accessing databases, listing and global sharing of information. I hope to see improvements in the near future.

Saturday, January 28, 2023

PART 2 - ANTI-BRIBERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM - by Nik Zafri

Note : For all parters of my articles, I will not touch clause 2.0 and 3.0. The articles may follow the sequential order of the standard clauses or quoting certain paras/phrase from the standard but the contents are mostly self-explanation based on my understanding and experience. The contents may also be customized to the Malaysian environment with some references cited from international laws and case studies.

Scope

All documented information is recommended to use anti-bribery laws and voluntary commitments as their guidelines.

Among others, ISO 37001:2016 entails the need for detect, prevent and respond to many types of bribery. The scope involves personnel, associates, business activities, 3rd parties from public, private and not-for-profit sectors (example NGO). 

This means that it's not limited only to clients but also branching out to customers, JV, JV partners, consortium partners, outsourcing providers, contractors, consultants, sub-contractors, suppliers, vendors, advisors, agents, distributors, representatives, intermediaries and investors.

For public official, the system should also cover person holding a legislative, administrative or judicial office, whether by appointment, election or succession, or any person exercising a public function, including for a public agency or public enterprise, or any official or agent of a public domestic or international organization, or any candidate for public office.

These requirements are typically addressed in the Anti Bribery Management System (ABMS) Manual. 

Although the standard may not be thorough, to organizations practicing (corporate) governance especially Public and Public Listed Company, the manual and the associated procedures should include fraud, cartels, anti-trust/competition offences, money laundering etc.

However, this may require a joint effort between those in the financial positions and the duly authorized personnel from the management.

It is recommended the organization work closely to Bank Negara Malaysia, Security Commission, Registrar of Company/Society etc. for more information on legislation or conditions for public-listing/investment.

Sunday, August 02, 2015

PENGUBAHAN WANG HARAM/MONEY LAUNDERING

Kajian : Nik Zafri (Januari, 2006)



Artikel berikut adalah kajian bebas pengarang dan bukanlah bertujuan untuk memberikan khidmat nasihat kepada pembaca. Pembaca digalakkan menghubungi pihak yang berwajib seperti institusi perbankan dan kewangan.

Mungkin ramai yang pernah mendengar frasa 'money laundering' atau 'pengubahan wang haram'. Aktiviti money laundering ini telah mengakibatkan kerugian jutaan ringgit kepada sesebuah negara. Setakat ini Malaysia mengamalkan dasar yang agak ketat bagi menangani masalah ini.

Money laundering dikatakan amat popular di peringkat antarabangsa terutamanya golongan pengedar-pengedar dadah, kongsi gelap, bookie, pemain judi dan kumpulan pengganas. Walaupun terdapat pelbagai undang-undang telah digubal di seluruh dunia, namun money laundering, amat sukar di kawal.


Dikatakan money laundering berasal daripada satu kumpulan kongsi gelap/penjenayah antarabangsa yang menggunakan duit hasil kegiatan jenayah untuk 'dilaburkan' atau 'dibersihkan' dengan menggunakan jalan-jalan yang berlandaskan undang-undang seperti menerusi aktiviti pembelian saham, stok, derivatif, futures, FOREX, insurans, pembiayaan industri/projek yang besar, terlibat dalam sektor hartanah dan sebagainya. 


Malah 'penjenayah' menggunakan wang berkenaan bagi 'membiayai' dan 'membeli' bank-bank tertentu (yang bermasalah) untuk diniagakan menerusi pelbagai skim pinjaman berfaedah termasuk segala potongan cukai bagi 'membersihkan' wang berkenaan dan mengikut 'lunas undang-undang' serta dianggap sebagai 'revenue'/hasil. - ('doing the wrong thing the right way' - pengarang)




Suatu laporan antarabangsa pernah dikeluarkan yang menyatakan bahawa kewujudan Money Laundering juga menandakan wujudnya operasi jenayah terancang (organised crime) dan transnasional. 


Money Laundering juga amat cepat evolusinya di mana penjenayah amat bijak menyesuaikan teknik 'pelaburan' agar sukar dikesan tambahan pula dengan adanya teknologi ICT yang mempermudah dan mempercepatkan lagi urusan 'perniagaan'. Apabila banyak keuntungan diperolehi dari 'pelaburan' money laundering, maka dengan sendirinya kekemungkinan 'keuntungan' ini digunakan pula untuk membiayai aktiviti jenayah adalah tinggi.

Thursday, July 07, 2011

PENGUBAHAN WANG HARAM/MONEY LAUNDERING

Kajian : Nik Zafri (Januari, 2006)


Artikel berikut adalah kajian bebas pengarang dan bukanlah bertujuan untuk memberikan khidmat nasihat kepada pembaca. Pembaca digalakkan menghubungi pihak yang berwajib seperti institusi perbankan dan kewangan.


Mungkin ramai yang pernah mendengar frasa 'money laundering' atau 'pengubahan wang haram'. Aktiviti money laundering ini telah mengakibatkan kerugian jutaan ringgit kepada sesebuah negara. Setakat ini Malaysia mengamalkan dasar yang agak ketat bagi menangani masalah ini.

Money laundering dikatakan amat popular di peringkat antarabangsa terutamanya golongan pengedar-pengedar dadah, kongsi gelap, bookie, pemain judi dan kumpulan pengganas. Walaupun terdapat pelbagai undang-undang telah digubal di seluruh dunia, namun money laundering, amat sukar di kawal.

Dikatakan money laundering berasal daripada satu kumpulan kongsi gelap/penjenayah antarabangsa yang menggunakan duit hasil kegiatan jenayah untuk 'dilaburkan' atau 'dibersihkan' dengan menggunakan jalan-jalan yang berlandaskan undang-undang seperti menerusi aktiviti pembelian saham, stok, derivatif, futures, FOREX, insurans, pembiayaan industri/projek yang besar, terlibat dalam sektor hartanah dan sebagainya. Malah 'penjenayah' menggunakan wang berkenaan bagi 'membiayai' dan 'membeli' bank-bank tertentu (yang bermasalah) untuk diniagakan menerusi pelbagai skim pinjaman berfaedah termasuk segala potongan cukai bagi 'membersihkan' wang berkenaan dan mengikut 'lunas undang-undang' serta dianggap sebagai 'revenue'/hasil. - ('doing the wrong thing the right way' - pengarang)

Suatu laporan antarabangsa pernah dikeluarkan yang menyatakan bahawa kewujudan Money Laundering juga menandakan wujudnya operasi jenayah terancang (organised crime) dan transnasional. Money Laundering juga amat cepat evolusinya di mana penjenayah amat bijak menyesuaikan teknik 'pelaburan' agar sukar dikesan tambahan pula dengan adanya teknologi ICT yang mempermudah dan mempercepatkan lagi urusan 'perniagaan'. Apabila banyak keuntungan diperolehi dari 'pelaburan' money laundering, maka dengan sendirinya kekemungkinan 'keuntungan' ini digunakan pula untuk membiayai aktiviti jenayah adalah tinggi.

Antara cara-cara money laundering dilakukan ialah :

1) Pelaburan
Memandangkan money laundering melibatkan perniagaan 'tunai' yang besar, wang ini akan dilaburkan menerusi sistem kewangan atau ekonomi retail atau diseludup keluar dari sesebuah negara. Matlamat mereka ialah untuk 'melarikan' wang berkenaan daripada 'sumber asal' bagi mengelakkan dikesan oleh pihak berkuasa. Kemudian ianya akan ditukar dalam bentuk cek kembara atau wang pos dan sebagainya.

2) Pelapisan

'Pelapisan' merupakan konsep menjadikan wang haram menerusi proses pusingan pelbagai tingkat yang kompleks termasuk menyerap ke dalam sistem pengauditan. Tujuan utama 'pelapisan' dilakukan ialah untuk 'menidakkaitkan sejauh mungkin' wang berkenaan daripada 'sumber asalnya'. Pelapisan biasanya dilakukan dengan aktiviti simpanan dan pengeluaran secara berulang kali menerusi akaun di bank-bank offshore di mana akaun-akaun ini melibatkan syarikat-syarikat 'kosong' yang menggunakan kaedah Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). Aktiviti ini amat sukar dikesan kerana wang berkenaan dibahagi-bahagikan kepada terlalu ramai individu dan 'syarikat-syarikat' dan lebih menyulitkan lagi, 'penjenayah' mengetahui bahawa apabila berlaku terlalu banyak transaksi harian di pihak bank-bank offshore, maka mereka akan mudah 'menyelinap masuk' tanpa dikesan. Selain itu, mereka juga membuat pembelian stok, komoditi, FOREX dan lain-lain yang juga sukar dikesan kerana transaksi harian yang terlalu tinggi.

3) Integrasi dan Penyerapan

Wang haram diintegrasikan atau diserap ke dalam sistem kewangan dan ekonomi yang sah dan menjadikan wang ini akhirnya seolah-olah 'dimiliki secara sah' oleh 'penjenayah'.

Contohnya :

a. Dengan menubuhkan syarikat di negara-negara tertentu di mana 'transaksinya terjamin dirahsiakan'. Kemudian, mereka akan kononnya 'diluluskan' pinjaman yang berasal daripada 'wang haram'. Cara ini juga memberikan ruang untuk mendapatkan 'potongan cukai' dan 'pembayaran kembali' wang berkenaan dengan 'faedah'nya sekali.

b. Cara yang lain ialah menghantar invois yang bersabit dengan perniagaan impot/ekspot yang memudahkan penjenayah ini memindahkan wang berkenaan dari satu syarikat ke satu syarikat yang lain atau dari satu negara ke satu negara yang lain.

c. Menggunakan kaedah EFT menerusi bank-bank yang 'dikuasai' oleh 'penjenayah' ini - (melalui pembelian, pelaburan, pembiayaan wang yang tinggi)

d. Membuka/menjalankan perniagaan menerusi syarikat-syarikat (berlesen) pemberi pinjam wang atau pembiayaan secara geran, pengurusan dana - malah pengurup wang.

Walaupun terdapat banyak undang-undang Anti-Laundering digubal di seluruh dunia seperti peruntukan menghadkan jumlah simpanan pada sesuatu masa, tempoh bertenang untuk pemeriksaan, tetapi penjenayah-penjenayah ini tetap pandai mengaburi mata pihak insitusi perbankan dan kewangan dengan hanya menerusi kaedah-kaedah menggunakan nama ramai individu, syarikat-syarikat yang menjalankan berbagai jenis perniagaan. Kita perlu menentang dengan apa juga cara untuk membasmi kegiatan ini kerana ianya mampu melumpuhkan ekonomi negara dalam masa yang sangat pantas.

Thursday, June 30, 2011



PENGENALAN KEPADA FOREX

Tentu ramai yang sudah mengenali apa itu FOREX dan mungkin ramai dari anda telah menyertai perdagangan ini.

Namun, apa yang saya cuba paparkan hari ini ialah asas-asas dalam FOREX yang ramai masih belum ketahui. Kita juga ada FOREX Islam , sistem hibah, tidak bertempoh, tiada rollover dsb.

Namun apa yang saya tuliskan ini hanyalah untuk pengetahuan semata-mata.

Ada di antara kandungan ini memerlukan rujukan kepada pihak berkuasa terlebih dahulu contohnya spot trading, opsyen binari dsb. Begitu juga jika ada elemen penggubahan wang haram - perlu mendapat nasihat pihak berkuasa.

Terdapat 5 perkara penting untuk memahami Forex.

1. Analisa Asas – merupakan proses analisa pasaran berdasarkan persekitaran dan data makroekonomi berkaitan dengan matawang yang diniagakan.

Saya sering mengingatkan; berdasarkan pengalaman; rakan-rakan supaya mempunyai pengetahuan dalam perancangan kewangan dan unjuran supaya kita memahami apa itu OPR, mesyuarat perbankan dan keputusan/hasilnya, perkembangan industri secara global, politik, aspek atau berita makroekonomi malah cuaca atau laporan bencana alam dsb.

Contohnya: pada masakini E-Coli sedang melanda Jerman dan Eropah, pasaran akan suram disebabkan jangkaan, spekulasi dan sentimen – dengan sendirinya akan memberikan kesan kepada matawang Euro hasil dari sikap berhati-hati dalam mengimpot buah-buahan dan sayur-sayuran oleh negara luar.

Jadi, analisa asas dengan mengambilkira keseluruhan faktor ini akan memberikan pelabur satu pandangan yang lebih holistik yang akan mempengaruhi keputusan kita.

Ingat, kadang-kadang berita baik belum tentu tiada muslihat. Kajilah betul-betul terlebih dahulu.

2. Analisa Teknikal – proses analisa pasaran berdasarkan angka data pasaran, pelbagai carta, petunjuk mudah dan kompleks, jumlah pembelian dan permintaan, data pasaran lampau dll. Analisa ini ialah untuk mengaitkan data teknikal yang akan datang dan yang telah lalu bagi membuat agakan yang tepat.

3. Pengurusan/Strategi Kewngan – walaupun anda mempunyai kepakaran dalam mengunjurkan perlakuan pasaran tukaran matawang, tanpa satu strategi pengurusan kewangan, anda mungkin akan terkandas dalam dagangan.

Bagi mereka yang mempunyai pengalaman dalam menguruskan kewangan akan mampu mengadakan stail dan sasaran dagangan yang tersendiri.

4. Kawalan Emosi

Kawalan emosi juga penting kerana kadangkala kita boleh menjadi tamak dan tidak berhati-hati dan hasilnya akan merugikan kita sendiri. Antara tips yang boleh saya berikan ialah :

a) jangan terlalu ghairah semasa melihat keuntungan sebaliknya pastikan anda mengikut sasaran asal,

b) terlebih dagangan




c) tiada disiplin dan keyakinan diri

dan yang paling merbahaya ialah mengikuti cakap orang lain secara membabi-buta tanpa membuat kajian dan memikirkan risiko.

5. Alat untuk berdagang - Trend terkini menunjukkan ramai pedagang yang memilih secara talian untuk berdagang kerana maklumat secara langsung dan mudah diperolehi. Namun begitu, maklumat yang diperolehi kadangkala tidak tepat sekadar khabar angin sahaja. Pastikan anda :

a) memilih syarikat di talian adalah nama yang dikenali umum,

b) maklumat secara langsung (real time)

c) menjalankan arahan anda cepat dan tepat

d) Tidak terlalu banyak komisen diambil

e) mempunyai sistem sokongan yang mudah digunakan bagi pengeluaran dan deposit.

Saya menggalakkan anda menggunakan FX Open dan buka akaun demo atau simulasi terlebih dahulu sebelum anda menyertai dagangan FOREX


Nota berikut : Bagi yang tidak memahami apa itu Opsyen Binari.

Contoh : Opsyen Binari Forex

Contohnya - USD Yen kini bernilai 92.265. Untuk memastikan USD menjadi lebih kuat di sebabkan KNK yang memberangsangkan dan anda memilih untuk tidak memantau akaun marjin secara harian. Sistem dagangan binari opsyen akan menggunakan kontrak USD100.00

Jam 11.15 pagi, anda membeli opsyen binari 'call' ke atas USD/Yen yang didagangkan pada harga spot 92.265 setiap dollar. Kontrak akan tamat pada tengahari dan pembayaran yield adalah 62%.

Selepas tamat tempoh, sekiranya harga spot ialah 93.000, anda akan mendapat USD162.00

Nota : Sample Forecast 29 June, 2011

The EURUSD attempted to push lower yesterday, bottomed at 1.4236 but further bearish pressure was rejected and whipsawed to the upside, topped at 1.4396 and hold above 1.4320 after market reacted positively on Greece budget plan approval. Overall price is still in a consolidation phase inside the triangle formation but the fact that price broke above 1.4320 change my intraday bias to bullish especially if price able to make a clear break above 1.4400 and the minor trend line resistance (blue) testing 1.4441 – 1.4500 and the upper line of the triangle. On the downside, another move back below 1.4320 could lead us to neutral zone in nearest term testing 1.4250/30 region and give another chance for downside attempt retesting the lower line of the triangle but as long as price moves inside the triangle my h4 /daily chart outlook remains unclear. (FX Open)


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SHORT NOTE :

COMMODITY PRICE CORRELATION TO OIL, GOLD AND CURRENCY - BY NIK ZAFRI


WHAT'S DRIVING GOLD?
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TEKNIK FIBONACI (petikan artikel Nik Zafri (menggunakan nickname Pok Nik) dari forum Pengurusan dan Teknologi)

Peringkat pengesanan kembali (Fibonacci Retracement) adalah: 0.382, 0.500, 0.618 — 3 peringkat pengesanan yang paling utama digunakan untuk menyokong (support) dan bertahan (resistance)

Peringkat Pemanjangan (extension) ialah 0.618, 1.000 dan 1.618 – 3 peringkat pemanjangan yang digunakan bagi pengambilan untung.

Jadi apakah yang kita pelajari ialah bagaimana menggunakan peralatan Fibonacci bagi menterjemahkan hasil yang kita lihat pada skrin

Yang perlu diketahui sebelum menggunakan kaedah ini ialah :

a. Adakah suasana trend kenaikan (uptrend) atau trend penurunan (downtrend)
b. Hayunan (swing) paling tinggi atau paling rendah (poin A,B)
dan meneruskan mengikut trend.

Klik pada peralatan Fibonacci yang anda gunakan.

Di sini kita lihat trend kenaikan. A adalah hayunan (swing) terendah, B ialah hayunan tertinggi. Jadi kita menjangka akan membeli beberapa lot pada harga terendah untuk kita naik bersama-sama dengan trend.

Klik A dan bawa ‘cursor’ ke B. Anda akan melihat garisan-garisan berbeza terbit pada carta.

Garisan-garisan ini dipanggil “Pengesanan Semula” (Retracement) dan “Pemanjangan” (Extension)

Jadi kita kini dapat mengagak bahawa harga akan ‘mengesan semula’ (retrace) iaitu turun dari poin B ke “poin C” kemudian meneruskan arah mengikut trend.

3 garisan titik - 0.618, 0.500, 0.382 pada gambarajah seterusnya menunjukkan 3 pengesanan semua di mana kita akan dapat menjangka harta akan melakukan pusingan ‘U’ dan naik semua. Ketika inilah kita akan meletakkan pesanan “BELI” (BUY)

Suasana terbaik ialah membeli pada harga paling rendah – 0.618 – poin C tetapi 0.500 juga peringkat terbaik untuk membeli.

Harga telah mencapai poin terendah 0.618 dan melakukan pusingan ‘U’

Apabila kita telah membeli pada C, kita perlu meletakkan sasaran. Gunakan peringkat ‘extension’ – 0.618, 1.000, 1.618) Paling biasa ialah 0.618 dan kerana sasaran kita ialah apabila harga menunjukkan potensi yang baik untuk mencapai 1.000 atau 1.618 level.

Gunakan tempoh pemanjangan 0.618 sebagai sasaran keuntungan dan poin D sebagai poin pengambilan keuntungan.

Peringatan : penerangan ini menunjukkan peringkat pemanjangan (extension) pada 0.618, 1.000, 1.618 – pengiraannya berdasarkan poin B iaitu ‘extension’ 0% . Ada ‘trader’ memulakan pengiraan dari poin A dan jarak antara A & B menjadi 100% dari pergerakan harga. Jadi pergerakan seterusnya ialah 1xxx.x%. Jika dimulakan dari poin A maka poin D adalah peringkat ‘extension’ atau 161.8% pergerakan harga.
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Petikan artikel Nik Zafri menggunakan nickname Pok Nik- petikan dari forum PENGURUSAN DAN TEKNOLOGI.

PAIRING (pemasangan)

Semua pasangan matawang adalah berkaitan antara satu dengan yang lain dalam blok perdagangan. Jika kita berdagang CHF against JPY – ianya menjadi CHF/JPY. Pemasangan yang paling terkenal ialah USD, JPY, EUR, GBP, CAD, AUD dan CHF

Cara pemasangan yang terkenal masakini ialah EUR/USD, USD/JPY, USD/CHF, USD/CAD, NZD/USD dan GBP/USD

Pasangan Komoditi pula mewakili blok perdagangan komiditi yang terbesar seperti padi, bijirin, minyak mentah, bahan galian/mentah bernilai dll. Pasangan komiditi ialah USD/CAD, AUD/USD dan NZD/USD. Pasangan komoditi memerlukan apa yang saya maksudkan sebagai Analisa Asas (Fundamental Analysis) iaitu kepekaan kita dalam menerima maklumat seluruh dunia, cara memproses maklumat berkenaan dan cara menggunakan maklumat berkenaan dalam dagangan kita.

Matawang silang (cross) pula tidaklah termasuk USD. Sebelum berlaku silangan matawang, individu yang ingin menukar wang dengan lain-lain matawang perlu menukarnya terlebih dahulu dengan USD dan menukarnya pula dengan lain-lain matawang yang dikehendaki. Contohnya seseorang di Eropah boleh menukar matawangnya ke JPY dengan membuat rujukan kepada kadar EUR/JPY.

Yang paling terkenal dalam matawang silang ini ialah EUR/GBP, EUR/JPY dan EUR/CHF – di mana harga akan diasaskan dari pergerakan 'pasangan' (terutama yang 'major'(utama) lain dan kadangkala boleh menjadi suasana ketidaktentuan. Jika anda ingin memilih 'pasangan dagang' ara ini, pastikan anda tidak memilih USD.

Korelasi

Korelasi matawang dapat diukur ke tahap di mana satu pasangan matawang 'meniru' (mimicking) pergerakan pasangan matawang lain. Jika dua pasangan bergerak pada arah yang sama, maka ini dinamakan korelasi positif. Jika dua pasangan bergerak dalam bentuk berlawanan maka ianya dipanggil korelari terbalik (inverse correlation)

Pedagang perlu berhati-hati melihat kolerasi yang disebutkan kerana jika tidak menghiraukannya, maka kita akan terlalu mendedahkan (overexpose) akaun dagangan kita. Contohnya, memasuki EUR/USD dan NZD/USD dalam tempoh terlalu lama – bermakna akan telah memasuki 2 dagangan pendek (short trades) ke atas UDS. Tidak ada apa-apa yang perlu dirisaukan tetapi perlu berhati-hati atas 'double exposure'.

Suasana Ketidaktentuan dan 'range' dagangan

Sikap berhati-hati dalam 'range' dagangan ke atas pasangan amatlah penting kerana sikap ini akan membantu kita dalam menentukan tahap kerugian (di mana patut kita berhenti) dan di mana kita boleh mengambil untung. Bagi mereka yang melihat pergerakan yang besar, mungkin anda berminat untuk mendagangkan GPB/USD kerana ianya dapat mencapai pukulrata lebih 200 pip sehari. Namun jika anda tiada pengalaman, gunakan pasangan EUR/USD dan EUR/GBP.

Sila ambil perhatian bahawa tidak semua pasangan matawang mempunyai nilai pip yang sama. Contohnya satu pip bergerak atas EUR/GBP boleh bermaksud lebih wang dibandingkan dengan pergerakan GBP/JPY.

Hedging

Hedging merupakan satu strategi untuk 'offset'kan pendedahan yang menyebabkan potensi kerugian. Contohnya memasuki dagangan EUR/JPY terlalu lama dan pada masa yang sama dagangan pendek (tempoh) CHF/JPY – bermakna hedging melawan (against) pergerakan JPY.

Cara hedging ini kadangkala tertakluk kepada undang-undang kerana sesetengah negara tidak membenarkan dagangan bertempoh panjang dan pendek menggunakan akaun dagangan yang sama. Walaubagaimanapun pelabur boleh menggunakan sab-akaun untuk memasuki dagangan berlawanan (opposing trade) ke atas pasangan yang sama atau membuka dagangan berlawanan dengan pasangan yang mempunyai korelasi inverse.

Kecairan

Sesetengah pasangan mempunyai kecairan yang tinggi kerana pasangan ini mewakili saiz ekonomi yang berbeza contohnya EUR/USD.

Sebagai poin mula, kita perlu melihat 8 pasangan utama EUR/USD, GBP/USD, USDJPY dll untuk memilih pasangan matawang yang ingin didagangkan. Lebih kecairan akan menyebabkan lebih 'tight spread', lebih mudah dijangka dan dagangan yang lebih efisien.

Spread

Kecairan memberi kesan ke atas 'spread'. Dalam keadaan tertentu pasangan matawang mempunyai spread di bawah satu pip – contohnya EUR/USD dan EUR/GBP – ini bergantung ke atas broker anda.

Tempoh Dagangan

Peratusan yang besar volum dagangan berlaku disebabkan oleh dagangan komersil, aktiviti pasaran komoditi, ekuiti dll. Kadang-kadang berlaku kenaikan mengejut dalam aktiviti dagangan apabila insitut perbankan dan kewangan atau lain-lain perniagaan memulakan aktiviti dagangan. Ini perkara biasa.

Masa terbaik dagangan ialah waktu pembukaan perniagaan – jadi kita di Malaysia ini – waktu tengahmalamlah adalah waktu yang terbaik (atau awal pagi)

Pembayaran Untung

Satu kelebihan dalam berdagang FOREX ini lah pedagang mendapat bayaran secara 'overnight trading position' (satu malam) – sebanyak mana pedagang itu meraih untuk bergantung di atas pembayaran yang diterima dan pembayaran yuran 'rollover' kepada broker.

Strategi pasaran ialah untuk mengambil peluang ke atas perbezaan nilai matawang – yang dipanggil 'carry trade'. Pedagang/pelabur akan mencari pasangan yang lebih menguntungkan. Contohnya jika 'lending rate' untuk Swiss Franc = 3% dan Yen sebanyak 1%, maka berdagang dalam tempoh yang lama untuk CHF/JPY akan menghasilan 2% pa bayaran yang diperolehi. 'Carry Trade' ada kesang sampingan contohnya jika berlaku elemen ketidaktentuan atau kepanikan dalam pasaran, 'carry trade' ini akan bergerak ke arah berlawanan dan pedagang/pelabur akan terdedah kepada risiko. Jadi analisa asas kepada ekonomi dunia sangat perlu terutamannya semasa ekonomi sedang 'bullish' dan bukannya 'bearish'.